Metabolites in Conocarpus erectus leaves attenuate α-amylase activity by modulating amino acid residues of α-amylase: an in vitro and docking study / Los metabolitos en las hojas de Conocarpus erectus atenúan la actividad de la α-amilasa al modular los residuos de aminoácidos de la α-amilasa: un estudio in vitro y de acoplamiento

The antioxidant activity and the inhibitory potential of α-amylase of lyophilized hydroethanolic extracts of Conocarpus erectus leaves obtained by ultrasonication were determined. The most potent extract was subjected to ultra-high performance liquid chromatography system equipped with mass spectrometer for metabolite identification. The identified metabolites were docked in α-glucosidase to assess their binding mode. The results revealed that 60% ethanolic extract exhibited highest ferric reducing antioxidant power (4.08 ± 0.187 mg TE/g DE) and α-amylase inhibition (IC50 58.20 ± 1.25 µg/mL. The metabolites like ellagic acid, 3-O-methyl ellagic acid, ferujol, 5, 2 ́-dihydroxy-6,7,8-trimethyl flavone and kaempferol glucoside were identified in the extract and subjected to molecular docking studies regarding α-amylase inhibition. The comparison of binding affinities revealed 3-O-methyl ellagic acid as most effective inhibitor of α-amylase with binding energy of -14.5911 kcal/mol comparable to that of acarbose (-15.7815 kcal/mol). The secondary metabolites identified in the study may be extended further for functional food development with antidiabetic properties.

Se determinó la actividad antioxidante y el potencial inhibidor de la α-amilasa de extractos hidroetanólicos liofilizados de hojas de Conocarpus erectus obtenidos por ultrasónicación. El extracto más potente se sometió a un sistema de cromatografía líquida de ultra alto rendimiento equipado con un espectrómetro de masas para la identificación de metabolitos. Los metabolitos identificados se acoplaron en α-glucosidasa para evaluar su modo de unión. Los resultados revelaron que el extracto etanólico al 60% exhibió el mayor poder antioxidante reductor férrico (4.08 ± 0.187 mg TE/g DE) e inhibición de la α-amilasa (IC50 58.20 ± 1.25 µg/mL. Los metabolitos como el ácido elágico, 3-O-metil elágico ácido, ferujol, 5, 2 ́-dihidroxi-6,7,8-trimetil flavona y kaempferol glucósido se identificaron en el extracto y se sometieron a estudios de acoplamiento molecular con respecto a la inhibición de la α-amilasa. La comparación de las afinidades de unión reveló 3-O-metil El ácido elágico como inhibidor más eficaz de la α-amilasa con una energía de unión de -14,5911 kcal/mol comparable a la de la acarbosa (-15,7815 kcal/mol). Los metabolitos secundarios identificados en el estudio pueden ampliarse aún más para el desarrollo funcional de alimentos con propiedades antidiabéticas.

In vitro pharmacological attributes and metabolite's fingerprinting of Conocarpus lancifolius / Atributos farmacológicos in vitro y huellas dactilares de metabolitos de Conocarpus lancifolius

Search for safe antioxidants and novel nutraceuticals urged to evaluate the antioxidant, anti-acetylcholine esterase and anti-lipoxygenase activity of various leaf extracts of Conocarpus lancifolius. Extraction was optimized from freeze dried plant extracts quenched with liquid nitrogen using water, ethanol, methanol, hexane, ethyl acetate and chloroform. Maximum extract yield, total phenolic contents and total flavonoid contents were obtained in case of ethanolic extraction. The highest 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazylradical scavenging in terms of IC50 value of 55.26 µg/mL was observed for ethanolic leaf extract. The acetylcholine esterase and lipoxygenase inhibitory activities (IC50) were also observed for ethanolic extract. These findings for ethanolic extract were statistically significant when compared with other extracts (ρ<0.05). The haemolytic % values indicated that all extracts were associated with very low or negligible toxicity. The epicatechin, isorhamnetin, rutin, scopoleptin, skimmianine, quercetin-3-O-α-rhamnoside, quercetin-3-O-ß-glucoside, cornoside, creatinine, choline, pyruvic acid, α-hydroxybutyric acid, phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin were identified as major functional metabolites in ethanolic leaf extract of C. lancifoliusby 1H-NMR. The identified metabolites were probably responsible for the pharmacological properties of C.lancifolius. The findings may be utilized as pharmacological leads for drug development and food fortification.

Se insta a la búsqueda de antioxidantes seguros y nuevos nutracéuticos para evaluar la actividad antioxidante, anti-acetilcolina esterasa y anti-lipoxigenasa de varios extractos de hojas de Conocarpus lancifolius. La extracción se optimizó a partir de extractos de plantas liofilizados enfriados con nitrógeno líquido usando agua, etanol, metanol, hexano, acetato de etilo y cloroformo. En el caso de extracción etanólica se obtuvo el rendimiento máximo de extracto, el contenido de fenoles totales y el contenido de flavonoides totales. La mayor eliminación de radicales 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazilo en términos de valor de CI50 de 55,26 µg/mL se observó para el extracto de hoja etanólico. También se observaron las actividades inhibidoras de la acetilcolina esterasa y lipoxigenasa (CI50) para el extracto etanólico. Estos hallazgos para el extracto etanólico fueron estadísticamente significativos en comparación con otros extractos (ρ<0.05). Los valores del % hemolítico indicaron que todos los extractos estaban asociados con una toxicidad muy baja o insignificante. Se identificaron la epicatequina, isorhamnetina, rutina, escopoleptina, skimmianina, quercetina-3-O-α-ramnosido, quercetina-3-O-ß-glucósido, cornosido, creatinina, colina, ácido pirúvico, ácido α-hidroxibutírico, filantrina e hipofillantina. como metabolitos funcionales principales en el extracto etanólico de hojas de C. lancifoliuspor 1H-NMR. Los metabolitos identificados probablemente fueron responsables de las propiedades farmacológicas de C. lancifolius. Los hallazgos pueden utilizarse como pistas farmacológicas para el desarrollo de fármacos y la fortificación de alimentos.

Supplementation of garlic and coriander seed powder: Impact on body mass index, lipid profile and blood pressure of hyperlipidemic patients

Garlic and coriander play an obligatory role in the metabolism of lipids leading to the reduction of CVD development. We hypothesized that garlic, coriander and their mixture improves the lipid profile, BMI and blood pressure of CVD patients. Eighty patients were partitioned into 4 groups, each group consisting of twenty patients. The groups were randomly assigned to three supplements i.e. garlic powder [GP], coriander seed powder [CSP] and mixture [1:1 dry weight basis] of GP and CSP at a dose rate of 2 g/day. The fourth group was kept as placebo. The patients were examined for serum lipid profile, BMI and blood pressure at the start [0 day], 20, 40 and 60th day of supplementation. The initial 40 days were the intervention period whereas the last 20 days were the follow up period. The results indicated that all the supplements significantly [p<0.05] influenced the BMI, HDL, total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL and systolic blood pressure of the patients. Among the supplements, GP had the highest influenced on BMI, TC, LDL and HDL whereas the impact of GP-CSP and CSP was more pronounced on TGL and blood pressure of the patients, respectively. All the parameters decreased with supplementation except HDL, which increased with the consumption of supplements. It was concluded that consumption of garlic, coriander and their mixture at a dose rate of 2 g/day is improving the lipid parameters of the patients

Frequency of tuberculosis in cervical lymphadenopathy

To determine the proportion of tuberculosis in patients presenting with cervical lymphadenopathy. This descriptive study was carried out from June 2007 to May 2010 in the Ear, Nose and Throat department, District Headquarters Hospital [DHQ] Lakki Marwat. Patients with enlarged cervical lymph nodes for more than six weeks duration, of either sex and of any age were approached for inclusion into the study. Out of 110, 20 were excluded as the cause was found to be acute inflammation in the throat. Ninety patients were included in the study. After a detailed history and clinical examination, excisional biopsy of the lymph nodes was performed in all these patients. Of 90 patients, 62 [68.9%] were males and the majority of patients had ages from 12-40 years. Tuberculous cervical lymphadenopathy was diagnosed in 67 [74.5%] patients, reactive hyperplasia in 10 [11.1%], metastasis to cervical lymph nodes in 6 [6.7%], lymphoma in 4 [4.4%] and Kikuchie's lymphadenitisin 3 [3.3%] cases. About 72 [80%] of the patients had involvement of multiple lymph nodes while 18 [20%] had single swelling. Sixty three [70%] of the patients had matted lymph nodes whereas discrete lymph nodes were found in only 18 [20%] cases. Tuberculosis is the commonest cause of cervical lymphadenopathy, with the majority of these patients having multiple lymph node involvement. Disease is more common in the younger age group and the group of lymph nodes most frequently affected is posterior cervical group

Frequency of hepatitis B and C in patients visiting outpatient department of District Head quarters Hospital Lakki

To find out the frequency of hepatitis B and C among the patients visiting out patient department. A total of 1443 subjects were screened for HBs Ag and anti-HCV in this descriptive study conducted from 1[st] January 2008 to 31 December 2008 in out patient department [OPD] District Headquarter Hospital Lakki. Patients of either sex and more that 15 years of age were screened for both hepatitis B and C. Patients with evidence of hepatitis B or C in the past were excluded. The HBs Ag and Anti-HCV screening was performed through Immunochromatographic [ICT] method. All sera showing reactivity were then confirmed with Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay [ELISA]. The information of the patients was recorded on a proforma and analyzed. The frequency of hepatitis B was found to be 175 [12.12%] with a male predominance of 138 [14.97%]. Prevalence of hepatitis C was 58 [4.0%] with a male predominance 39 [4.22%], whereas in 5 [0.35%] cases both hepatitis B and c were present. Highest frequency of HBs Ag was detected in the settled area of the district while anti HCV was positive in high proportions in the frontier region [FR]. Overall prevalence of hepatitis was more common in rural population than the urban population. Hepatitis B is more common than hepatitis C in District Lakki. The high frequency of hepatitis needs to launch a major public awareness program and preventive measures to prevent its further spread

Nasal involvement in cutaneous leishmaniasis

To determine the frequency of nasal involvement in cutaneous Ieishmaniasis and to study demographic and clinical pattern of disease involving nose as well as nasal mucosa. Patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis presented to leishmaniasis clinic situated in the Basic Health Unit for Afghan refugees at Sarai Gambeela, District Lakki Marwat from January 1, 2009 to December 31, 2009 were registered. The patients were diagnosed clinically and confirmed by laboratory demonstration of parasite in a giemsa stained smear prepared from the lesion. Those having lesions primarily on nose, irrespective of age and gender were included in the study. All those cases with primary lesion elsewhere over face and secondarily involving nose [creeping lesion] were excluded. All important clinical details were recorded on a specially designed proforma and patients were given a registration card for the purpose of treatment and follow up visits. Sixty seven out of' 682 [9.82%] cases of nasal leishmanisis were encountered. Male to female ratio was 2:1. Forty nine [73.13%] had solitary lesions and among these fourty four [65.67%] had lesions limited to their nose. Wet type cutaneous leishmnaniasis was seen in 19 [28.36] cases. Seventy three percent of sufferers were less than 30 years of age. Cutaneous leishmaniasis is endemic in Distt. Lakki Marwat. Nose was a common site of involvement. In endemic areas, it should be included in the differential diagnosis of nasal lesions